BALI

This article is about the Island and the Province of Bali. For other uses, see Bali (disambiguation)

Bali is the name of one of the provinces in Indonesia, and also the name of the largest islands that are part of the province. In addition comprises the island of Bali, Bali province consists of the islands are smaller in the vicinity, namely the island of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan Island, Nusa Island Ceningan, and attack the island.

Bali lies between Java and Lombok Island. Denpasar is the capital of his province, which lies on the southern island. The majority of the population of Bali is Hindu. In the world, Bali is known as a tourist destination with a unique variety of art-culture, especially for the Japanese and Australian tourists. Also known as Bali island and Pulau Seribu Pura.

Geography:

Bali Island is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands along the 153 km and width of 112 km around 3.2 km from the island of Java. Astronomically, Bali is located at 8 ° 25'23 "south latitude and 115 ° 14'55" East Latitude mebuatnya tropical climate like the rest of Indonesia.

The highest point is Mount Agung in Bali as high as 3148 m. The volcano last erupted in March 1963. Mount Batur is also one of the mountain in Bali. Around 30,000 years ago, Mount Batur erupted and produced a tremendous disaster on earth. Unlike in the north, the southern part of Bali is by flowing lowland rivers.

Based on the relief and topography, in the middle of the island of Bali lies the mountains that extend from west to east and between these mountains there are clusters of the volcano Gunung Batur and Gunung Agung volcano and no mountain is Mount Merbuk, Gunung Patas, and Gunung Seraya. The existence of these mountains cause by Geographic Area Bali is divided into 2 (two) are not the same part of Northern Bali with a narrow lowland and less slope, and lowland South Bali with a wide and sloping. Bali slope consists of flat land (0-2%) covering 122,652 hectares, undulating land (2-15%) covering 118,339 ha, steep land (15-40%) covering 190,486 ha, and land is very steep (> 40% ) covering 132,189 ha. Province of Bali has 4 (four) lakes are located in mountainous areas are: Lake Beratan, Buyan, Tamblingan and Lake Batur.

The capital of Bali is Denpasar. Other important places as the center of Ubud art is located in Gianyar regency, while Kuta, Sanur, Seminyak, Jimbaran and Nusa Dua is a place that became a tourist destination, both tourist beaches and resorts.
The total area of Bali Province is 0.29% 5636.66 km2 or area of the Republic of Indonesia. Bali Province is administratively divided into 9 districts, 55 districts and 701 villages.

Demography:

Bali residents about a number of 4 million inhabitants, with 92.3% majority Hindu religion. Other religions are Buddhism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism.
Apart from tourism, the population of Bali is also a living from agriculture and fisheries. Some also choose to become artists. The language used in Bali is Indonesian, Balinese, and the UK especially for those who work in the tourism sector.
Balinese and Indonesian language is the language most widely use in Bali, and as with other Indonesian citizens, most Balinese people are bilingual or even trilingual. Although there are several dialects in the language of Bali, the Balinese people generally use a form of Balinese language intercourse as an option in communicating. Traditionally, the use of various dialects of the Balinese language is determined based on the color of the chess system in Hindu Dharma and clan membership (the term of Bali: soroh, gotra), although implementation of these traditions tend to decrease.
English is a third language (and the primary foreign language) for many of the people of Bali, which is influenced by the great needs of the tourism industry. Those employees who work at tourist information centers in Bali, often also understand some of the foreign language with sufficient competence.
[Edit] Transportation.

Transportation :

Bali has no railway network but a very good road network is available, especially to the tourist destination areas. Most residents have private vehicles and choose to use it because public transportation is not available with either, except for taxis.

Types of public transport in Bali, among others

* Gig, using the horse as a vehicle towing
* Motorcycle taxi, motorcycle taxi
* Bemo, serving in and intercity
* Taxi
* Bus, serving the intercity relations, rural, and between provinces.

Bali connected with Java by ferry service linking the port with the Port Gilimanuk Ketapang in Banyuwangi, a long journey took about 30 to 45 minutes. Crossing to Lombok Island through Padang Bay to the Port of Port of Sheet, which takes about four hours.
Air transport is served by the Ngurah Rai International Airport, with destinations to major cities in Indonesia, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Japan. Runway and aircraft coming and going can be seen clearly from the beach.


Source: http://id.wikipedia.org

Borobudur

Borobudur is name a candi Buddha located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. The location of the temple is approximately 100 km southwest of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Syailendra. In ethnic Tionghoa, this temple is also called 婆罗 浮屠 (Hanyu Pinyin: po luo fu tu) in Mandarin.

Borobudur Name

Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes situated terraces. In addition there are some other folk etymology. Suppose that the word comes from the greeting Borobudur "the Buddha" who due to sound shifts to Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name derives from two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word supposedly comes from the embers of the monastery, while there is also another explanation where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground.
Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimate the founder of Borobudur was named king of Mataram dynasty Syailendra Samaratungga, which they will build around the year 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur Development estimated a half-century time-consuming. In the inscription Karangtengah also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by the CRI Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra. [1] The term itself is derived from Kamūlān early word meaning place of origin, the sacred buildings to glorify the ancestors, the ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra possibility. Bhumi Sambhāra Casparis Bhudhāra estimates that in the Sanskrit language which means "Hill of the set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue," was the original name of Borobudur. [2]

Structure Borobudur

Borobudur Temple berundak punden shaped, consisting of six levels of a square, three-level circular hoop and a main stupa as a peak. Apart spread within all level-are degrees several stupa.

Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur described ten levels of Bodhisattva which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.

Part foot Borobudur melambangkan Kamadhatu, namely world still mastered by kama or "lust low". This part is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of temples. At the closed part of this additional structure there are 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small additional structure was set aside so people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floor with wall berelief above it by experts named Rupadhatu. Lantainya quadrate. Rupadhatu is a world that has been able to free himself from passion, but still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between the bottom and the nature of nature. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues there in the recesses of the wall above ballustrade or breezeway.

Assumed floor fifth until seventh walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means do not form or intangible). Circular floor plan. It represents a level of natural top, where the man was free from all desires and commitments shape and appearance, but have not reached nirvana. Buddhas placed inside stupa closed holey like in confinement. From outside the statues were still dim.

The highest level that describes the lack of existence is symbolized in the form of the Stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa depicted innocently without holes. Within the biggest stupa of Buddha statue was ever found of an imperfect or unfinished also called Buddha, which disalahsangkakan as Adibuddha statue, but through further research, there never was a statue at the main stupa, statues were not completed was a mistake pemahatnya in the past. according to the belief that one statue in the drafting process was not allowed to be destroyed. Archaeological excavations carried out in the yard to find many statues of this temple like this.

In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stones with reliefs, two lions, some kala-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the government when the Dutch East Indies it.
Borobudur not have spaces veneration like temples other. That there is a long hallways are narrow street. Hallways bounded wall surrounds temples level by level. At hallways These Buddhists estimated perform ceremony walk surrounds temple toward right. Building form, without room and terraced structure was believed to be the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from the prehistoric Indonesian.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form the structure of the Mandala.
Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.

Relief

At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. The reliefs are read according to clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit which meaning is daksina east. These reliefs various contents of the story, among other reliefs Jataka stories.

The reading of these reliefs stories always begin and end on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and ends on the right side of the gate. So significantly that climbed the stairs to the east is the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.

Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple :

* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of antiquities in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius for investigate location inventions, form hill covered scrubland.
* 1873 - the first monograph on the temple issue.
* 1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of refurbishment and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led refurbishment until 1911.
* 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but halted in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
* 1956 - The Indonesian government requested the help of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans come into Indonesia from Belgium for researching causes damage Borobudur.
* 1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but fall apart after the events of G-30-S.
* 1968 - At a conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
* 1971 - The Government of Indonesia established a body which is chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur.
Memorial stone restoration with the help of UNESCO's Borobudur temple
* 1972 - The International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. Committee sponsored UNESCO provides 5 million dollars United States from refurbishment costs 7750 million dollars United States. Remainder borne Indonesia.
* August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the commencement of the restoration of Borobudur; refurbishment was completed in 1984
* January 21, 1985 - bomb attack which destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, which was immediately repaired. The attack carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
* 1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.


Source: http://id.wikipedia.org

Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat

Cultural city of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta's famous epithet on the outside, including outside the State. Many tourist who visited often in Yogyakarta for leisure and just enjoy the beauty of the city of Yogyakarta, which is rich in culture.

Hadiningrat Ngayogyakarta Keraton or Kraton, Yogyakarta is known in general by society as one of the royal palace buildings archipelago. Sultan Palace is the official palace of Yogyakarta Sultanate until 1950 when the State government of the Republic of Indonesia made the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (together Pakualaman) as a special autonomous region under the name of the provincial level in Yogyakarta Special Region.

Start the Yogyakarta Palace was founded by Sultan Hamengkubuwono I post a few months in the year 1755 Giyanti Agreement. The location of this palace is reputedly a former pesanggarahan [1] named Garjitawati. This guesthouse is used to break funeral procession of the kings of Mataram (Kartasura and Surakarta) which will be buried in Imogiri. Another version mentions the location of the palace is a fountain, Umbul Pacethokan, which is in the middle Beringan forest. Before occupying the Palace of Yogyakarta, Sultan Hamengkubuwono I stayed in Ambergris Pesanggrahan Ketawang which now includes the District of Sleman District Gamping [2].

Physically, the palace of the Sultan of Yogyakarta has seven core complex Siti Hinggil LER (North Hall), Kamandhungan LER (Kamandhungan North), Sri Manganti, Kedhaton, Kamagangan, Kamandhungan Kidul (South Kamandhungan), and Siti Hinggil Kidul (South Hall) [3 ] [4]. Besides Yogyakarta Palace has a variety of cultural heritage that shaped both the ceremony and antiquities and historic. On the other hand, Yogyakarta Palace is also a traditional institution complete with indigenous stakeholders. Therefore not surprising that the values of philosophy as well as mythology enveloping the Yogyakarta Palace.

Source: Budayacantik.com