Borobudur

Borobudur is name a candi Buddha located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. The location of the temple is approximately 100 km southwest of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Syailendra. In ethnic Tionghoa, this temple is also called 婆罗 浮屠 (Hanyu Pinyin: po luo fu tu) in Mandarin.

Borobudur Name

Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes situated terraces. In addition there are some other folk etymology. Suppose that the word comes from the greeting Borobudur "the Buddha" who due to sound shifts to Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name derives from two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word supposedly comes from the embers of the monastery, while there is also another explanation where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground.
Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimate the founder of Borobudur was named king of Mataram dynasty Syailendra Samaratungga, which they will build around the year 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur Development estimated a half-century time-consuming. In the inscription Karangtengah also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by the CRI Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra. [1] The term itself is derived from Kamūlān early word meaning place of origin, the sacred buildings to glorify the ancestors, the ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra possibility. Bhumi Sambhāra Casparis Bhudhāra estimates that in the Sanskrit language which means "Hill of the set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue," was the original name of Borobudur. [2]

Structure Borobudur

Borobudur Temple berundak punden shaped, consisting of six levels of a square, three-level circular hoop and a main stupa as a peak. Apart spread within all level-are degrees several stupa.

Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur described ten levels of Bodhisattva which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.

Part foot Borobudur melambangkan Kamadhatu, namely world still mastered by kama or "lust low". This part is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of temples. At the closed part of this additional structure there are 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small additional structure was set aside so people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floor with wall berelief above it by experts named Rupadhatu. Lantainya quadrate. Rupadhatu is a world that has been able to free himself from passion, but still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between the bottom and the nature of nature. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues there in the recesses of the wall above ballustrade or breezeway.

Assumed floor fifth until seventh walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means do not form or intangible). Circular floor plan. It represents a level of natural top, where the man was free from all desires and commitments shape and appearance, but have not reached nirvana. Buddhas placed inside stupa closed holey like in confinement. From outside the statues were still dim.

The highest level that describes the lack of existence is symbolized in the form of the Stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa depicted innocently without holes. Within the biggest stupa of Buddha statue was ever found of an imperfect or unfinished also called Buddha, which disalahsangkakan as Adibuddha statue, but through further research, there never was a statue at the main stupa, statues were not completed was a mistake pemahatnya in the past. according to the belief that one statue in the drafting process was not allowed to be destroyed. Archaeological excavations carried out in the yard to find many statues of this temple like this.

In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stones with reliefs, two lions, some kala-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the government when the Dutch East Indies it.
Borobudur not have spaces veneration like temples other. That there is a long hallways are narrow street. Hallways bounded wall surrounds temples level by level. At hallways These Buddhists estimated perform ceremony walk surrounds temple toward right. Building form, without room and terraced structure was believed to be the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from the prehistoric Indonesian.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form the structure of the Mandala.
Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.

Relief

At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. The reliefs are read according to clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit which meaning is daksina east. These reliefs various contents of the story, among other reliefs Jataka stories.

The reading of these reliefs stories always begin and end on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and ends on the right side of the gate. So significantly that climbed the stairs to the east is the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.

Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple :

* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of antiquities in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius for investigate location inventions, form hill covered scrubland.
* 1873 - the first monograph on the temple issue.
* 1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of refurbishment and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led refurbishment until 1911.
* 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but halted in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
* 1956 - The Indonesian government requested the help of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans come into Indonesia from Belgium for researching causes damage Borobudur.
* 1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but fall apart after the events of G-30-S.
* 1968 - At a conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
* 1971 - The Government of Indonesia established a body which is chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur.
Memorial stone restoration with the help of UNESCO's Borobudur temple
* 1972 - The International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. Committee sponsored UNESCO provides 5 million dollars United States from refurbishment costs 7750 million dollars United States. Remainder borne Indonesia.
* August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the commencement of the restoration of Borobudur; refurbishment was completed in 1984
* January 21, 1985 - bomb attack which destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, which was immediately repaired. The attack carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
* 1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.


Source: http://id.wikipedia.org